Discrimination Against Women in the Workplace Essay Example

Discrimination Against Women in the Workplace Essay Discrimination against Women in the Workplace Jessica Holmes Professor Williams April 10, 2012 From the beginning of time the male and female have been expected to perform certain roles in society. Males have been expected to work and provide for their family while the female raises the children, cooks, cleans and keeps the house in order. Today many women have broken that tradition and are starting their careers and becoming more independent. Even though females today are braking away from that stereotype, they are being discriminated in the work place because there are still individuals out there that believe that women should play a certain role and that they are not strong enough to work in a cooperation or organization. Apart of society believes that women should not compete and take jobs away from men because men are the breadwinners for the family. I believe that women are strong enough and there are some women out there that do their job better than a male can. According to buzzle. com, the term gender discrimination basically means the prejudicial treatment of a group or a person due to their gender or sex. It involves a reinforcement of behavior and attitude on the basis of traditionally stereotypical roles people have in the society we live in. Gender discrimination can involve a whole variety of issues, from unequal pay to women being portrayed as sexual objects in the media to wives being beaten up by their spouses. We will write a custom essay sample on Discrimination Against Women in the Workplace specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Discrimination Against Women in the Workplace specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Discrimination Against Women in the Workplace specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer While gender discrimination can affect both men and women, however, it is women who have been at the receiving end through the ages and across cultures, since most cultures in the world are male dominated. The Discrimination of Women in the Work place is an extremely important issue. Even though the Civil Rights Act of 1964 forbids discrimination against gender, discrimination of women in the workplace still occurs. This Act was put forth to ensure that employment decisions are made on the basis of an individual’s qualifications rather than there race, sex or religion. Discrimination of women in the workplace is displayed in many ways from unequal salary, sexual harassment and belief that women’s work is worth less than their male counterparts. I believe this topic is extremely important because it is a major issue in the business world. A large amount of women in the workplace don’t receive as much credit as they deserve because of their gender. Gender discrimination in the workplace is not only harmful to the professional growth of an individual but also limits the growth of a business. Some women feel they are unsecured in the mans dominating society and they also have less employment opportunities than a man does. In this paper I will be discussing six key issues that surround discrimination of women in the work place. I will also discuss the Glass Ceiling regarding women in business world, focusing on there advancement in the workplace. Before ending my paper I will give actions that can be taken when someone is experiencing gender discrimination in the workplace. One major issue involved with the discrimination of women in the work place is unequal salary. Women in nearly all job categories receive less pay than males in those job categories. There are women today working in fields who have the same education and experience as men in comparable positions that sometimes receive lower pay. Even if the man and woman doesn’t work for the same company in general, the pay for traditionally female occupations such as administrative assistants, nurses, librarians, teachers remains low in comparison with traditionally male occupations, such as engineers or lawyers. I believe that these are the jobs that are some of the most important and most challenging in our society. According to buzzle. com, a recent study by US Bureau of Labor shows that women working 41 to 44 hours a week earn 84. 6% of what their male counterparts do. Women who work more than 60 hours a week were found to earn only about 78. 3% of what men in the same category earned. This shows there is a big salary difference between women and men. There are women that work more hours then their male counterparts and women still make less in salary. A second key issue is the hiring process. Many companies prefer to hire men over women for a positionregardless of their education or experience. Some reasons this may be is because most females have to balance work and family duties which may be a huge barrier in helping advancement in an organization, so an employer may prefer to hire a man who will not come with the baggage of children or the issue of balancing work and family duties. During an interview some women are not hired because they cannot be taken seriously because some may wear too much make-up or their pants suit or skirt may be too tight. Women that are pregnant are also sometimes not considered for a position because he manager may worry about the women wanting time off work on maternity leave. This may not be a direct financial concern about paying women while on maternity leave. Its more about the cost of replacing and training someone to cover their role while they are off. A third issue in the discrimination of women in the workplace is sexual harassment. Sexual Harassment is described as a form of gender discrimination that is in violation of Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act. Even though it is a violation of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 there is still sexual harassment in the workplace today. The majority of sexual harassment complaints in the work place come from woman. According to sexualharassmentsupport. org, statistics of women being sexually harassed in the workplace goes as follows, 43% were harassed by a supervisor ,27% were harassed by an employee senior to them, 19% were harassed by a coworker at their level 8% were harassed by a junior employee. Some reasons why sexual harassment may occur in the work place are Supervisors and employers can grow accustomed to the power they have over their employees and they feel like they can do whatever they want because they are the boss. Majority of the time the person that is being sexually harassed on the job deals with it in fear of losing their job. Another reason women are discriminated in the work place is because some employer’s don’t see women as good decision makers. It is perceived that most women base their decisions off of feeling and emotions where is though men base decisions more on logic and reasoning. It is also stereotyped that women are not strong enough to make big decisions. Since most of the time women are thought to not be good decision makers, they are usually ignored when they make suggestions or come up with an idea for her a company that they work for. It is also said that women cant handle pressure like men women cant think as critically as men can, women cant lead others as well as men , Women cant solve problems as well as men. Another issue is the limits on promotions to high level Management Positions. Sometimes when someone is being looked at to be promoted at their job the male employee is usually considered first. A male may be given a higher level position when his female counterpart does just a much work or even more than he does. Sometimes there are females that have been working at an organization for years and have been repeatedly denied the opportunity for a promotion, but a man with less experience, someone that the women may have even trained and supervised sometimes gets the promotion instead. The last issue is benefits an employer provides to its employees. This area of gender discrimination is often overlooked. It is obvious that male and female employees have different, sex based disability and healthcare needs, and the law is no longer unaware to the fact that only women can get pregnant, bear children, or use prescription contraception. The special or increased healthcare needs associated with a woman’s unique sex based characteristics must be met to the same extent, and on the same terms, as other healthcare needs. Women who are told that they must use their vacationdays as maternity leave are victims of gender discrimination;pregnancy and childbirth are considered medical conditions and must be treated as any other illness or condition. These needs for women are not met in the benefits for employees which makes it a form of sex discrimination. Even though today the discrimination of women in the workplace is not as bad as it was in the past there have only been a few women that have accomplished shattering â€Å"the Glass Ceiling†. The Glass Ceiling is a concept that refers to barriers faced by women who attempt, or aspire, to get senior positions in corporations, government, education and nonprofit organizations. It can also refer to racial and ethnic minorities and men when they experience barriers to advancement. Even where women have gained access to the workplace, sex discrimination may persist in other ways. Examples include identification of particular jobs as â€Å"man–only† or â€Å"woman–only† or through the existence of a glass ceiling that ensures women will only go so far on the corporate ladder. Over the years progress has been made for women in the workplace but most women are working at jobs that are considered to be female jobs, like nurses, teachers, or librarians. The discrimination of women in the workplace not only prevents women from not getting what they deserve but it also affects them internally. Some women feel they are unsecured in the mans dominating society, and they become less motivated to get the job that they deserve. Some women are also afraid to stand up and speak for what they think is right in fear of losing their job. One example of gender discrimination in the workplace is a situation that occurred at a Wal-Mart. Wal-Mart faced one of the largest workplace gender-bias lawsuits in American history. In Wal-Mart’s employment policy it states, as America’s largest company, Wal-Mart has a duty to treat all employees and suppliers with respect. However, this was not always the case. They were accused of paying women less and offering them fewer opportunities for promotion. In June 2004, current and former female Wal-Mart employees who charged the company were granted 1. 6 million. Wal-Mart also had other issues with discrimination which included a class action lawsuit filed by African-American truck driver, and a number other cases involving discrimination against workers with disabilities. For example, in 2001, Wal-Mart paid $6 million dollars to settle 13 lawsuits, which alleged widespread discrimination and violations of the Americans with Disabilities Act. If a women or any other individual is experiencing discrimination on the job there are many actions that can be made to stop it. One action is writing down what happened as soon as you experience any type of discrimination. Write down dates, places, times, and possible witnesses to what happened. If possible, ask your co-workers to write down what they saw or heard, especially if the same thing is happening to them. Remember that others may read this written record at some point. It is a good idea to keep the record at home or in some other safe place. Do not keep the record at work. A second way in handling the situation is to confront the offender. Talk to the person you have a problem with. Calmly state your case and ask or demand that the discrimination end. This works best if a co-worker is doing the discriminating or an immediate supervisor. When discriminating against women seems to be a part of the companys culture you have a bigger problem on your hands. If confronting the offender does not solve the problem the third step would be to file adiscrimination complaint with a Government Agency. If you want to file a lawsuit in federal or state court, you have to first file a formal complaint of discrimination with the federal Equal Employment Opportunity Commission or your state’s fair employment agency. Then after the complaint is filed with a Government Agency you will be able file a lawsuit. You can sue for money damages, to get your job back, and you can also ask the court to make your employer change its practices to prevent future discrimination from occurring. Managers of organizations can also just start treating men and women equally. Stop stereotyping woman in the workplace and give them a chance to do and to receive everything that they have worked hard for. The managers of many business and organizations need to change their mentally, just because someone applying for a position is a women does not mean that they are weak and cannot perform as well as a man or even better. Even though Gender discrimination is a problem it is not as bad as it has been in the past. The good news is that women of all ethnicities and ages are refusing to let sex discrimination go unpunished. Companies have a legal responsibility to ensure that women arent treated unfairly on the job, by anyone. If a women or anyone is being discriminated in the work place I believe that, that person should not be afraid to complain about it. There may be a fear of losing your job, but I do believe no one wants to work at a place where they are discriminated or are harassed, so complaining about it is worth it. You may not be the only person on your job that is experiencing gender discrimination. Just take the steps that I discussed in my paper to file a compliant about your offender. With just one person taking action and making a complaint the offender can be stopped. References Issues | Discrimination. Www. walmartwatch. com. 2009. Web. 15 Mar 2012. . Godbole, By Medha. Discrimination Against Women in the Workplace. Buzzle Web Portal: Intelligent Life on the Web. 17 Mar. 2010. Web. 18 Mar 2012. . Protection Against Employment Discrimination. Attorneys BraytonPurcell | Novato (San Francisco), California Attorney. 2002-2010. Web. 24 Mar. 2012. . Workplace Fairness Short-Changed || Discrimination. Workers, Employee, Employment and Job Rights Workplace Fairness. Web. 25 Mar 2012. .

Mel Gibson as Hamlet Essays

Mel Gibson as Hamlet Essays Mel Gibson as Hamlet Paper Mel Gibson as Hamlet Paper Hamlet, one of the most discussed plays from the Shakespearean canon, has generated more film adaptations than any other Shakespeare play. The two film productions under discussion are those of Laurence Olivier (1948) and Franco Zeffirelli (1990). It is important to note that all of Shakespeares plays were created especially for the stage. Laurence Olivier states that, allowing for the distinction between the two media, the same problems remain, of reducing the length, elucidating the plot, unravelling irrelevancies, and relating the result to the audience. 1. These problems are evident when adapting a text from the stage to the screen. In addition, there are further discrepancies as film language adds its own dimension by offering wider interpretations to the audience. It can be argued that the original meaning of the text is diminished, as no text can be a copy of the original. Oliviers version of Hamlet is kept down to 155 minutes, and in the process of reducing the length of the play it also loses more than half of Shakespeares lines. 2 In stating this, it is significant that in his intentions, Olivier concludes that his version Hamlet should be regarded as an essay in Hamlet. 3 Like Olivier, Zeffirellis version lasts only 129 minutes, and only contains thirty percent of the lines. It is important to note that Zeffirelli is influenced by Oliviers version of Hamlet, and has shifted scenes in his Hamlet to match Oliviers because of his longstanding admiration for Olivier. 4 The scene under examination is that of Ophelias death, which narrated in Act Four Scene Seven in Shakespeares play. In the play Hamlet, the audience does not witness the death of Ophelia. Gertrude narrates this scene. In the case of both Olivier and Zeffirelli, Ophelias death becomes a visual aspect, which gives the play an additional focus point. At this point, it is important to note that Ophelia is one of only two women in Hamlet, the other being Gertrude. Most academic works engage in discussion about Hamlet and it can be speculated that the roles of the women in Hamlet have been ignored. This is said to be the case when dealing with most of Shakespeares texts. Both films deal with the female characters in different ways, offering different interpretations of Shakespeares text. These varying interpretations are offered through tools such as mise en scene, casting, lighting, and editing. The mise en scene provides the film with a setting, which works to evoke a certain atmosphere. Kliman argues that Oliviers Hamlet intertwines aspects from film and theatre, and can be said to be functioning against the inherent naturalism of film. 5 Those who are familiar with Shakespeare are able to establish links between the setting of the film and that of the stage. Oliviers Hamlet is able to convey a feeling of claustrophobia because of the set, which is dominated by staircases and closed spaces. 6 This indication enables the audience to assume that this film is not a comedy, but a tragedy. These closed, claustrophobic spaces are emphasised as being inside the castle, portraying that there is more tragedy to the film than what meets the eye. The visual language in Zeffirellis film version works to highlight dramatic themes and issues. He uses cinematic techniques such as colour tinting, which plays with the idea of emphasising one of two colours, so that a particular mood can be associated to the scene in question. 7 This may involve a scene, which is picturised in either the interior or the exterior of the castle. Particular areas are normally associated with certain characters. This is true when considering Ophelia, who is often seen in pastoral settings rather than within the uncomfortable setting of the castle. The casting of both films poses questions about Hamlet and the representation of the characters. When Olivier played the role of Hamlet, he was forty years old. Eileen Herlie, who plays Gertrude, was twenty-seven years old but looks a lot older. Jean Simmons, who was only sixteen years old, plays the character of Ophelia. Cartmell (1997) observes that she is more like Hamlets daughter than his future wife.

Is Debt Relief Possible to Poor Countries Article

Is Debt Relief Possible to Poor Countries - Article Example I will present the article from Stanford University done by Marguerite Religioso that goes to prove in her article†¦ that debt relief is possible only for some poor nations. She cited that the International Monetary fund has been continuing its efforts to come up with an instrument that would help the poor countries who are heavily indebted. Her theory of â€Å"Is debt relief a viable solution to worldwide poverty or a waste of time and money† has pros and cons which she cited in the article. To evaluate the rationality of arguments, the author cited the study done by Stanford graduate students Henry and Arslanalp who used the stock market as a reliable source of the economic indicator. The significant result of the study proved that the stock market of the countries that obtained debt relief from the Brady plan (named after the U. S. Government Treasurer) showed 60% appreciation in 1989 to 1995 in real dollar terms even before debt relief was formally accepted. This is t he period that debt relief is being studied for implementation in sixteen countries identified in Brady Plan. The study confirmed Henry’s theory that the behavior of the stock market is an accurate predictor of economic movement/ Henry says, â€Å"within a year of each country’s Brady agreement, foreign capital began flowing back in, and robust economic growth resumed† that only goes to show debt relief is beneficial. Religiose referred to the study of Henry that explains a debt relief situation that is usually happening when a country suffers temporary difficulty of debt servicing. Its creditors get to be apprehensive and quickly collect their loans all at once. Since no one could be paid at all, a complete economic standstill occurs. When some of the debts are relieved, new funds will come to stimulate growth and investment. While the basic objective of debt relief is supposed to be applied to all poor countries, Regiglioso reported that debt relief doesn†™t work for the poorest of the poor.  

Vocational Rehabilitation for People with Mental Illness in the UK Essay

Vocational Rehabilitation for People with Mental Illness in the UK - Essay Example 2002, 172-177). Since the downfall of the act, there has been a speedy augment in the formation of for-profit health and mental health care organisations in the United Kingdom. This research discusses the managed care proposal sweeping the nation and their thoughtful belongings on the way social workers transport services to people with severe mental illness (Bachrach, L. 2003, 465-468). No doubt, Individuals with disabilities ought to expect employee benefits comparable to those predictable by all employees. The lack of ease of use of employee benefits, especially health insurance, can be prevention for individuals bearing in mind employment. The advantage package available to employees is a significant subject in employee approval for all employees counting those with disabilities (Bedall, J. R. 2004, pp. 95-119). If we analyse then we come to know that vacation, sick leave, health insurance, and retirement benefits are careful a significant feature of job satisfaction and sight as very significant by employees. In addition, research investigating quality employment result for individuals with disabilities have used employee reimbursement as an indicator of valued employment. For the majority UK workers, health insurance is the key employee benefit. As two-thirds of London's are employed in jobs with health insurance, workers at the inferior end of the salary scale are greatly additional likely to have jobs with no health insurance. For instance, workers earning less than $35,000 yearly are four times as probable to be uninsured than those earning over $35,000 (Bernstein, C. 2004). Evolution of Managed Care Many experts described the development of managed care as include five distinct phases: (1) carrying out consumption reviews and confine access, (2) managing advantage use, (3) supervision care with a most important importance on cost control, (4) running outcomes, and (5) put together managed care systems parallel and upright. For social workers the language linked with this example shift has been new and rather foreign. "Medical necessity," "degree of difference benefit packages," "penetration rates," "capitation contracts," "cost offsets," "slice outs," "cost bands," and "report cards" are but a only some of the terms in the new dictionary. Though managed care is the existing buzzword in the human services, frequent health care organisations, supported by provisions of the Health Maintenance Organisation Act of 1973, have been experimentation with this move toward for many years. Managed mental health care is a comparatively further recent occurrence and has outspread in an assortment of forms since the early 1980s (Bickman, 2005). States and Managed Care Numerous states have not waited for federal improvement since cost repression is a pressing requirement for them. Medicaid now constitutes 20 percent of the majority states' budgets, a better amount than senior education; so, states are turning to managed care to control this rising budget component. At least 35 states previously have a few form of capitated payment system for

Rice Crisis in Nepal (Focusing on Degrading Nature) Research Paper

Rice Crisis in Nepal (Focusing on Degrading Nature) - Research Paper Example Historical and modern information relating to people’s living standards, food production as well as nutritional status clearly implies that the rice crisis in Nepal is increasing in effect in Karnali (Latham, 1998). For instance Karnali, where rice grows, has been experiencing underdevelopment hence the beginning of the rice crisis. The rice crisis in Karnali is associated with the hegemonic and imbalanced relationship between Kathmandu, the power center, over Karnali which is a minor region treated as a colony of Nepal. This has led to the feeling among the Karnali people that they are living under unfavorable conditions where rice is the best food. The reliance on bureaucracy in the development of the region as imposed by the ruling class is meant to favor their economic and political interest. However the ruling class share similar social group with the most Karnali people in as far as caste and ethnicity are concerned. Therefore class relations are deemed important in unde rstanding the rice crisis and generally the food crisis within the Nepal. The increased dependency on rice among the people living in the western impoverished part of Nepal has been due to the increased food scarcity as suggested by Blaikie and Brookfield (1987). Historically people in this area used to grow a range of grains. However, the situation changed due to declining land productivity, lack of improved farming skills as well as knowledge and varying dietary habits. The low productivity of these grains such as millet, barley, rice and buckwheat has led o people depending totally on the Nepal Food Corporation which is run by the state. However, this comes at a price that the local people are unable to afford. For instance exporting a quintal of rice to Humla might cost around 160 US dollars and it usually takes almost a year to transport about three hundred quintals to Humla according to Kshetry (n.d). The rice crisis has developed due to increasing cases of workers’ strikes and the degradation of nature as evident in the bad weather. However the situation is probably bound to worsen as the government lacks a plan and initiative to handle the rice crisis in remote areas which depends on the conditions of the roads since air supply is too expensive. Similarly even with enough supply of rice and other grains in those remote areas, the people would lack the money to purchase the grains. For instance the press has released reports of people in local areas selling their utensils to purchase rice from the Nepal Food Corporation depots. The Nepal government has generally been facing a food crisis every year between June and September, with people in the rural areas having poor or no access to rice ad other grains. The hasty depletion of forest resources because of unique population growth has led to a grave environmental degradation. Population growth has led to increasing demands for pastures and forestry hence degradation of natural land according to Uprety (n.d). In Nepal there appears to exist an association between forest clearing and the population growth. This is because people need land for cultivation, timber for house building, firewood and fodder. The increased demand of these forest resources have led d egrading nature which in return has led to poor land productivity hence food crisis. Nepal has been the only country with deteriorating environment in the mountains hence leading to soil

Growth And Evolution Of Tourism Industry

Growth And Evolution Of Tourism Industry The fall of Roman Empire resulted into downfall of tourism, at least till the end of Middle East. The available facts reveal that Roman evinced interest in visiting temples, shrines, festivals and baths for health and amusement. The contours of Development underwent radical change at least till the 15th century. The trade and commerce along with religious activities gained the momentum but till the beginning of industrial revolution, tourism continued to remain the matter of pilgrimage. Of Course a number of developments took place between 15th and 18th centuries. Specially In the industrial world which raised the significance of specialization or expertise for excelling competition. This motivated the elite of the society to go abroad for enriching the knowledge, speeding up the learning cycle developing the excellence and making possible cross fertilization of thoughts and ideas. By the turn of 19th century, we find multifaceted development in transportation, communication and, tec hnological sophistication, which energized the process of industrial transformation. The tourism started developing as a business and the professional Travel agents started taking part in the process. With the beginning of the 20th century the process of invention and innovation stated gaining momentum which made ways for the development of infrastructural facilities and further added new dimensions in tourism business. No doubts, the World War I and World War II obstructed the flow of development but the second half of the 20th century proved to be golden age, since almost all the countries of the world started patronizing tourism as an important economic activity. Thomas cook was of the view that beauty is for the people. The opinion of Mr. Cook generated new dimension in the tourism business, which paved copious avenues for development of tourism as an industry. We cant deny that since the time immemorial travel has been first choice of masses , the qualitative improvement in the process could take place with the participation and co-operation of leading global organization , such as WORLD TOURIST ORGANISATION, PACIFIC AREA TRAVEL ASSOCIATION, INTERNATIONAL UNION OF OFFICIAL TRAVEL ORGANISATION or so With the development of a broader concept, the essence of Tourism further distilled and it was more holistic approach because in the general theory of tourism, Walter Hunziker and Kurt Kraph (1942) considered it both a human As well as economic activity. In 1974, Burkat and Medlik again brushed up this approach since they viewed tourism as a composite phenomenon embracing a whole range of different relationship between travelers and the host popu lation. The intensity foreign exchange requirement was found at its peak and the tourism appeared to all of them an important source to be tapped optimally. In the face of succulent benefit, the developed, less developed and even the Developing countries started assigning due weight age to the tourism industry in their national development agenda. We agree with this view that with tremendous Socio-economic potential, the tourism industry is considered to be an economic bonanza which paves avenues for the Development of a number of allied Industries, such as hotel, communication, banking transportation, trade and commerce or so. In addition, we also consider tourism a potential source for making possible world peace through mutual appreciation and international understanding. In the Indian perspective, we find Seventh Five Year Plan as watershed in the Development of tourism industry. For the first time, the vast potential of tourism as a foreign exchange earner and generator of employment opportunities was recognized. Several policy initiatives were taken to develop the tourism sector In the development of tourism, the public sector has made a significant contribution. Of late, the industry is equipped with a reasonable infrastructural base and is poised for a self-sustained growth. The future growth of tourism is required to be activated with the support of the private sector. The strategy for the development of tourism is required to be designed on the basis of low-cost economy, higher level productivity, efficiency in the use of infrastructure and sophisticated tourist facilities. The tourism industry bounced back from the global economic slowdown of last year with 2011 poised to show a positive growth number. As a matter of fact tourism is one of the largest industries globally, both in terms of size and employment ($5.4 trillion and 8.6 per cent of the global workforce.) Indian tourism industry contributes 6.4% of total GDP. This compares to 3.3% for automotives manufacturing, 4.5% for education and 3.7% for the mining industry. So INR 6.7 billion is contributing from tourism industry in India. PRODUCT PROFILE 1. Holiday as a Base Mass Market, Popular Market 2. Demand as base Primary, Secondary opportunity 3. Geography as a base Cities, Provinces, Regions, Countries 4. Psychography as a base Lifestyle, Personality Motive, Product, Knowledge. 5. Demography as a base Age, Sex, Occupation, Class, Religion. 6. Socio-economic of base Rich, Poor, Rural, Urban, Literate, Illiterate 7. Purpose as a base Business Travel, Cultural Tourism, Common Interest 8. Age as base Kids, Teens, Youths, Young, Married, Single. The holiday base focuses or attention on the fact that long-distance tours require availability of more leisure hours. The holiday market is classified in terms of demand. The different categories are, the mass market, the popular market and the individual holiday market. The mass market involves largest number of- vacationists who generally travel in long groups. They prefer all-inclusive tours. The users belong to the conservative group in which we find skilled and semi-skilled workers, blue-collar employees as the potential users. The users are generally class one and class two groups, pensioners and retired people. The individual holiday market involves social group-A7 like corporate chairman and senior executives. We find an apparent change in the behavioral profile of different categories in the holiday base. Another base is purpose in which we find business travel market, cultural tourism market, common interest tourism market and conference and convention. The demand base classifies markets into primary tourism market, secondary tourism and opportunity tourism. The geographic base includes lifestyle, personality, motives, product and knowledge. The demography base covers age, sex occupation, class and religion. The socioeconomic base makes classification like rich, poor, rural, urban, literate and illiterate. The age-base classifies markets for kids, teens, youths, young married and old people market. The aforesaid small segments simplify the task of tourist professionals. They know about the changing needs and requirements of different segments and innovate their strategic decisions accordingly. The development of marketing resources in tune with the changing levels of expectations make the ways for the stimulation of demand and simplify the task or marketers. It is in this context that we need to segment the market for the different allied industries helping the tourism industry in many ways. Designing a Package Tour In the process of formulating a sound product strategy, there are a number of factors to be given due attention. The designing of a package tour occupies a place of outstanding significance. For the profitable marketing of tourism services, it is pertinent that the different components of product are managed in a right fashion. This gravitates our attention on the offering of a package holiday product which necessitates management of the following factors. Destination The development of destination or tourist sites has a far-reaching impact on attracting the tourists. It is essential that destination or the tourist sites are easily accessible. This necessitates safe, fast and reliable transportation facilities hither and thither the tourist sites. To be more specific for promoting world tourism or attracting the foreign tourists, it is essential that the flying time is made proportionate. The site should be clean, the beaches should be sandy, sun-shine should be certain, the entertainment facilities at the site should be of quality the site should be safe to walk about, the local people should be friendly, the tour operator, the travel guides and others should have competence of speaking English and other regional languages. These facilities at the destination would add attractions. Management of Airport While managing the tourism product, the airports are required to be managed carefully. The airport should be local and convenient. The arrangement for car parking should be safe and adequate. It should not be congested but it should be spacious. In addition, the shopping facilities should be duty free. The airport should be clean and the vehicles should be available so that tourist doesnt face any trouble. Besides, the security arrangement should be tight to protect the passengers and their valuables. The aesthetic management occupies a place of significance in the very context. Airlines The flights should maintain the time schedule otherwise a dislocation may invite multifaceted problems, not only to the tourists but even to the airport authorities. The services should be reliable, good and polite. The sophisticated modern aircrafts of new generation should be included in the fleet to attract the tourists. The safety record should also be up to mark to remove the fear psychosis or psycho-fobia. Road and Rail Transportation For the tourists preferring to travel by buses of railways, it is significant that the stations are well managed. The booking and reservation counters should be managed scientifically. The enquiry should be controlled by efficient and well behaved staff. The safety arrangement should be adequate to counter the law and order signposts should be positioned at right places to help the travelling passengers. Hotels For managing the hotel services, it is essential that we are also careful to the hotel accommodation facilities. It is pertinent that hotels are easily accessible to the tourist sites or beaches or shops. The hotel personnel trustworthy and competent enough to speak English and other regional languages. They are supposed to be friendly. The management of facilities at hotels need due care. Though the standard of services, amenities and facilities depend upon the grade of hotels still it is essential that hotels offer the promised services to the users. The gap between the services-promised and service-offered should be bridge over. The hotels should be well maintained, the decor should be attractive; possibly a fair mix of eastern and western culture, the atmosphere should be calm and quiet; specially at the night time, public rooms should be adequate in number, the swimming pool should be neat and clean where inflow and outflow of water should be scientific to protect the danger of water contamination or pollution. There should be bar with good range of drinks. The bedrooms should be spacious in which balcony facilities should be made available. The childcare services should also be made available. Particularly at the beach resorts, the sea view should be possible with all rooms, in-room telephonic services should be available, in, and room-TV should be provided. There should be adequate cupboard space. The hangers should be attractive and artistic, toilets should be neat and clean and well equipped with east and west provisions. The lighting and ventilation arrangements should be adequate. The intensity of light at different points should be given due weightage. While managing hotels, the restaurants and cafeterias also need due care. The restaurants and cafeterias should be well managed. The food and drinks should have taste-orientation. The varieties of meals and drinks should be available. The seating arrangements should be comfortable, the meal should be flexible and the hotel personnel should be polite and friendly. Resort Representatives Regarding representatives of resort, they should be-knowledgeable friendly, accessible and competent. Miscellaneous In addition, the fellow travelers should be like-minded. The main thing is to make the tour pleasant and memorable. If the tourists have companionable fellow travelers, the journey would of course remain memorable. The aforesaid facts make it clear that being an amalgam of a number of industries and services, the tourism industry is known as a multi-segment industry in which the designing of a package which proves its instrumentality as a motivational force is found a bit difficult and challenging. It requires professional excellence so that we are in a position to assess the changing levels of expectations of the guests/tourists and all the required amenities and facilities are made available to help tourists to go to the destination, to enjoy and to come back safely. The tour operators and transport operators bear the responsibility of formulating a package tour and therefore they should have world class professional excellence to know and understand their changing needs and requirements. The services are related to a number of industries managed by others and therefore, the tour operators and transport operators managing the affairs should make it sure that whatever the promises they have made on behalf of hotels, airways, railways, roadways are not to be distorted. This is likely to project the image of tour operators and therefore a gap between the services-promised and services-offered would make the task difficult. It is against this background that designing of a package tour occupies a place of outstanding significance and all the allied industries making the package are required to be careful that they are not inviting degeneration. DEMAND DETERMINATION OF THE INDUSTRY You should know this fact that India is such a country which is rich in beautiful and amazing places. Some places are god created whereas some are manmade. But in spite of having unbeatable tourism potential, lesser number of tourists visit different destinations of India for which it is known. Though Government authorities are continuously paying attention towards the growth of the tourism industry but still it is lacking the attention of a good number of travelers. It is a fact that tourism industry is contributing a large amount to the total GDP of the country so governments want to attract a good number of tourists to India. But Indian tourism is lacking a good number of tourists. This may be due to various reasons. Some of the important reasons are: PRICE:- While time and price are self-explanatory, pricing is an art in itself and requires careful study as part of corporate policy. Price is the most powerful single variable in the marketing mix. But it does not operate in isolation. Value for money, albeit at different levels, is imperative. The product must be in demand or fashionable. It may be in short supply. Competition can be weak or strong, affecting achievable rates. The wide variety of airline and hotel rates for basically the same product at different times and conditions of sale reflect these characteristics. The market may be very price sensitive, as in the case of traffic from Northern European urban areas to Mediterranean beaches where there is a strong competition and a wide choice. There are also resorts and their establishments offering exclusive attractions, justifying a premium price. Price discounting and discrimination, and segmentation, in the market has always been a feature in travel services. The historic rule is to charge what the market will bear. The product is highly perishable and cannot be stored. It is necessary normally to appeal to a number of different segments. The railways invented first-, second- and third-class travel on scheduled services. When capacity exceeded demand, excursions and package tours were invented, the purpose being to sell to capacity and maximize the yield or return. Prices can be lowered segment by segment. But the marketing task is to ensure that cheap traffic does not drive out or invade the higher price and regular clientele. Airlines, for example, offer Saturday night stopover fares at half or less than full fare, on the assumption that full fare paying travelers, notably business travelers, will not stay over the weekend. In times of crisis or recession, special rates apply. In fact, recession has always been the mother of invention in tourism, giving rise to new initiatives that created new movement. Packages, cruises, specialist tours are all examples. Indeed many hotels have created events to attract business. Tactical plans must be highly flexible, short term and changing to meet the varying tides in demand, especially seasonal change. Economic and political perturbations usually unexpected, can alter trade suddenly and sometimes with great force. Currency devaluation, the Gulf War and the severe recession of 1991 in world markets are examples. The strategic plan with its long-term marketing implications needs consideration with the development plan. As marketing has a key role in product formulation the plan must select market segments. For example, it may give priority to quality and higher priced services, which will affect the investment in equipment to provide luxury items. It will be important to select segments that fit together. At a later stage in preparing the marketing plan, a detailed product/market match exercise will be necessary. The early resort promoters understood the selective approach very well. There were from their inception select resorts, usually quiet, small and patronized by the upper classes and higher spenders, and large, gregarious resorts which were popular centers for lower class visitors. THE SUPPLY DETERMINANTS:- There are supply determinants, ranging from absolutes such as under- or overcapacity to infrastructure weakness, e.g. transport bottlenecks and health and security dangers or political instability. Such factors can seriously limit or even destroy for a time a tourist destinations reception capacity. The marketing plan will take such factors into account. SEGMENTATION AND MOTIVATION:- Two key aspects of the third demand determinant consumer preference need careful study. Indeed the success of the whole marketing operation depends on this. They are segmentation and motivation. Tourisms mass expansion takes many different forms. It is a heterogeneous not a homogeneous movement, made up of many different types of traveler, seeking a wide range of tourism products. Thus the mass movement divides up into a number of segments, each differing from the others and needing a separate approach in sales, servicing and product provision. There are many possible divisions and subdivisions which can be made usefully in planning, but essentially the segmentation task is to identify specific groups in the travelling population interested in the same type of facility and service. The group identified must be large enough to warrant separate marketing or production attention, to make a specialist approach profitable. It must also be possible and practical to reach this section of the population in an effective way. This means that the group should not be too dispersed, and that there should be efficient media and distribution channels enabling the producer to reach the customer at a reasonable marketing cost. There are a number of criteria and categories in segmenting the total market. POOR ARRANGEMENTS OF TRANSPORTATION FOR THE TOURISTS:- Even after making lots of effort in improving qualities of the comforts for the tourists, it is said that the transportation system still requires to be improved. Tourists from outside India want to enjoy their tour with comforts in all respect and they are ready to pay for all these facilities. So it is essential to offer the best transport facilities for the tourists in order to attract more and more tourists. NON-STANDARDIZATION OF FARES AND RATES:- There are not any standard fares and rates for the transportation. Due to this tourists face lots of problem. Most of the travel agencies want to earn more and more especially from the tourists outside India. This ultimately gives a bad impression of India on outsider. IMPROPER MAINTENANCE OF HERITAGES:- With the advancement of tourism industry in India, numbers of heritages and resorts are built at different destinations in order to avoid inconvenience to the tourists. But most of the heritages are not maintained properly and these things are disliked by the tourists especially from outside India. LACK OF SECURITY AND CHANCES OF HARASSMENT:- If we talk about the security of the tourists, it is little bit weak. We cant say with full confidence that the tourists who tour to India are secured completely. LACK OF TRAINED AND PASSIONATE PROFESSIONALS:- Due to lack of trained and passionate professionals, tourists dont enjoy and get satisfied fully. LACK OF PROMOTIONAL STRATEGIES:- Indian tourism must adopt a good number of promotional strategies which will help in attracting a large number of tourists. ABSENCE OF HYGIENIC AMENITIES IN THE RESORTS AND HOTELS:- Though there are numbers of hotels and resorts but most of them lack in hygiene especially in the basic amenities which they offered to the tourists. PLAYERS IN THE INDUSTRY TOURISM COMPANIES MARKET SHARES Prime Travels Thomas Cook India SOTC tours Cox Kings Club Mahindra Holidays Kuoni Travel Group, India Galileo International Goodwind Travels Pvt. Ltd Airtravel Enterprise India Compass Tours India KEY ISSUES AND CURRENT TRENDS Tourism as one of the important foreign exchange earning industries has manifested great potential of growth under liberalized Indian economy. To attract the foreign tourists in India, liberal policies and reduction in taxes along with a comprehensive package for attracting tourist and foreign investment are the need of the hour. There is also a need to increase the governments role in promoting India as a brand. Just like exports and other sectors, tourism will grow only if the India brand is established in the global market. Hence, we must have an open mind on alliances with other countries, which might help in adopting better promotion strategies, marketing, services and packaging. Only overall growth can help in improving revenue generation, which needs to grow in line with the additional capacity being setup by the hospitality industry. Present Position of Tourism Industry in India:- It may be mentioned here that the Government of India had no Tourism Policy for more than forty years since the initiation of planning in the country in1951. Consequently, no efforts were made to lay down any sort of infrastructure for the promotion and development of tourism industry in the country. As a matter of fact, the country, after independence, had to pay serious attention towards increasing food production and laying down infrastructure for industrial development. On both the fronts, the country made tremendous progress and became leader of the developing nations. In order to achieve targets of faster economic growth, a number of Public Sector Enterprises were set up including India Tourism Development Corporation. However, no worthwhile progress was made in developing tourism in accordance with tourism potential of the country. It was only in 1992 that a tourism policy was laid down by the Government of India. As far as total revenue to the Government of India is concerned, tourism is the third largest source of foreign exchange earnings to the country after garments, gems and jewelry. India has tremendous potential to earn more foreign exchange because it has a huge and diverse potential for tourism ranging from pilgrimage tourism, beach tourism, eco-tourism, spiritual and health tourism to leisure and adventure tourism. The amazing diversity offers tourists everything they want to enjoy from a holiday but still we could not capitalize on the huge variety of amusements offered by our country. In order to attract the influx of tourists in the years to come, the Government of India has allocated US $590 million for the tourism sector for the period of 2002-07. While the global tourism market has shown negative growth, tourist arrivals in India have improved a little in the recent past. This is a positive indication but much more can be done to promote inbound tourism in India. In brief in I ndia, the tourists feel insecure and irritated on account of unwanted paper work, time consuming compliance of various rules and regulations, customs and immigration formalities, currency convertibility, beggars, tipping, bargaining, environmental pollution, transport problem, high rates and taxes etc. Beggars are such a nuisance that they are visible almost at all tourist spots, hotels, shopping centers, markets, monuments, places of worship, railway stations and bus stands. They constantly follow the visitors and there have been occasions that the tourists are so much irritated that they cut short their visits, shopping and spending. The tourists, thus, ignore India to avoid hassles and prefer other destinations where the specter of poverty and its manifestation like begging do not spoil their holiday spirit. Thus, Indias third largest foreign exchange earning industry is beset with a large number of problems. These problems have been examined in greater details in the pages that follow. RECENT CHALLENGES OF TOURISM INDUSTRY IN INDIA:- During the last few years tourists have witnessed good amount of violence and killing almost in every country including India. Kashmir, historically known as Heaven on the Earth, appears to be deserted on account of terrorism and violence. A large number of tourists, who used to visit and stay for a longer period in the Kashmir valley, do not tour the State of Jammu Kashmir for fear of violence and aggression. The business travelers also schedule their business trips only when it is absolutely essential. In fact, terrorism and violence have become the first and the foremost problem for tourists everywhere and India is no exception. The problem has assumed such alarming proportions that the world community must find its last in solution. The injustices done to the people in various parts of the world have result in great damage to tourism industry all over the world Tourists, especially of the developed countries; have been avoiding such destinations where there is any chance of viol ent activities against them. The problem has become so acute that the Governments in UK and the USA, in the recent past, had to issue travel advisories to their tourists. Though these travel advisories were, later on, withdrawn but the damage had already been done. India is not a preferred destination now for most of the Western tourists who spend, from our standards, a lot of money on tourism. Tourists are also irritated on account of unwanted paper work, time was the compliance of rules and regulations in India. In addition to customs and immigration formalities, language barriers are also the major problems faced by the foreign visitors. The difficulties of entry and exit too spoil half of the holiday charm. Again, our poor infrastructure, shortage of packaged tours, lack of connectivity between places, lack of transportation, our failure to create mass awareness throughout the world, polluted environment, discriminating economic and social behavior, inadequate and inexperienced staff, uneasy current convertibility and lack of multi-linguistic guides come in their way of pleasant tour and make the foreign tourists reluctant to come to India. PEST Analysis The Indian tourism industry has seen rapid growth in the last few years. Before any kind of analysis is undertaken, it is important to find out what are the main environmental influences that have lead to this growth and how the extent to which the changes are occurring. This is important because the change in these factors can have significant effect on the way the industry performs. These environmental influences can be analyzed by using the PEST Analysis. The PEST Analysis within its parameters indicates the importance of the political, environmental, social and the technological changes on the industry. a) Political / Legal Political The political factors are the main force of the industry. The Indian tourism industry is built on the backbone of Government support and the industry cannot sustain itself without it. The various archaeological sites and the places of historical importance, the roads and the railways are all in the hands of the Government. All the support services like the hotel industry, the airlines industry and the tourist operators to name some are heavily dependent on the support and the cooperation of the Government. The major reason as to why the tourist visits India is for the vast and rich heritage that our country has .That is under the control of the Government through the Archaeological Survey of India. Any policy change that comes into force can have dramatic effect on the way the industry players perform. For example, the Government charges high rates of taxes on the luxury and the star category hotels and this has always been a cause of disagreement between. The hotel association and h as been getting many incentives and many has been getting the government .There are many areas where the growth of tourism has not been rapid or has been dramatic fall because the political environment has been conductive. Examples are the North East for the former and Kashmir for the later. The neglect of the Government in Developing the North East leads to a situation where there is practically no tourism in the seven. Similarly, the political turmoil in the state of Kashmir has seen the virtual decimation of the flourishing tourism industry. The Heaven on Earth is A virtual hell for the industry. There has been a major change in the policies of the Government as regard to the industry. The hotel industry has been getting many incentives and many State Government are encouraging the growth of major hotels in their states. After years of tight control over airport infrastructure, Government has finally taken the decision to privatize the airport. Cobwebs and even rats were the frequenters in the arrival lounge at a major international airport of India . It is the only way to improve their condition. Tourism has been a Neglected sector in India .Though it was recognized As a priority sector in the Seventh Five Year Plan but hardly anything was done to promote this industry. Recently, the BJP Government has even dropped it from the National agenda. It is t

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In today’s modern age muscle supplements have become the answer for many young people to develop the body which they want to achieve. Younger users are taking supplements without thinking about the consequences that go along with taking them. Young athletes are choosing to buy muscle substances that they know nothing about. To get to the solutions on how to fix the supplement problem among young athletes, it is most important that we educate both the athletes, and their parents about the risks involved with taking muscle supplements. It is vitally important to understand what the supplements are and why athletes take them. Creatine is an amino acid that is produced in the liver, pancreas, and kidneys, and it helps muscles replenish adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which fuels muscle contraction (Balsom). Creatine was made famous by the Major League Baseball player Mark Maguire, who openly shared with the public his daily use of Creatine. Mark Maguire broke the record for homeruns hit in a season, and since then Creatine has become the most widely used supplement out on the market. No one is sure about the long term side effects of Creatine. Some scientists believe that when being used by young athletes it may stunt the growth of the adolescent. Some of the short term side effects include cramps, especially in the legs, and upset stomach. I used Creatine when I was 16 years old, and built up an extra 15 pounds of muscle while on the supplement. My main sport was soccer, and the extra muscle was great and helped me tremendously at first. Then problems started occurring in the lower half of my body. My legs would cramp while I was in the middle of a game, which had never happened to me before. It was then that I realized that Creatine was causing the cramps. Soccer requires a large amount of running, and with constant leg cramps I was unable to perform at the level I needed, so I stopped using the supplement. Within two weeks I had lost the extra 15 pounds, which was disappointing, but I was cramp free in the legs, which was a relief. Several of my friends who played football were also using Creatine, but the sport they played required less running, and more muscle. Therefore the supplement aided them in becoming better football players. The key to using supplements lies in the results you want to achieve, and the risks you are willing to take.